Baldwin, K. M., T. P. White, S. B. Arnaud, V. R. Edgerton,
W. J. Kraemer, R. Kram, D. Raab-Cullen and C. M. Snow. Musculoskeletal adaptations
to weightlessness and development of effective countermeasures. Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc. 10: 1247- 153, 1996.
Baechle, T. Essentials of Strength and Conditioning.
Human Kinetics , Campaign, IL, 1994.
Bamman, M. M., G. R. Hunter, B. R. Stevens, M. E. Guilliams
and M. C. Greenisen. Resistance exercise prevents plantar flexor deconditioning
during bed rest. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29: 1462-8, 1997.
Berg, H. E., P. A. Tesch. Designing methods for musculoskeletal
conditioning in weightlessness. The Physiologist 35: S96-S98, 1992.
Berg, H. E. and P. A. Tesch. A gravity-independent ergometer
to be used for resistance training in space. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 65:
752-756, 1994.
Berg, H. E. and P. A. Tesch. Force and power characteristics
of a resistive exercise device for use in space. Acta Astronaut. 42: 219-30,
1998.
Bikle, D. D., B. P. Halloran, E. Morey-Holton. Spaceflight
and the skeleton: lessons for the eartbound. Endocrineologist 7:
10-22, 1997.
Bloomfield, S. A. Changes in musculoskeletal structure
and function with prolonged bed rest. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29:
197-206, 1997.
Booth, F. W., P. D. Gollnick. Effects of disuse on the
structure and function of skeletal muscle. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
5: 415-420, 1983.
Booth, F. W., D. S. Criswell. Molecular events underlying
skeletal muscle atrophy and the development f effective countermeasures.
Int. J. Sports Med. 18: S265-269, 1997.
Bishop, P.A. and M. Greenisen. Limitations to the study
of man in space in the U.S. space program. Aviat. Space Environ. Med.
64: 238-42, 1993.
Branca, F. Physical activity, diet and skeletal health.
Public Health Nutr. 2:391-6, 1999.
Bruce, R. A., F. Kusumi and D. Hosmer. Maximal oxygen
intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular
disease. Am. Heart J. 85: 546-62, 1973.
Burton, R. R. and L. J. Meeker. Taking gravity into space.
J. Grav. Physiol. 4: 17-20, 1997.
Cavanaugh, P. R., B. L. Davis and T. A. Miller. A biomechanical
perspective on exercise countermeasures for long term spaceflight. Aviat.
Space Eviron. Med. 63: 482-485, 1992.
Cerretelli, P. and T. Binzoni. The contribution of NMR,
NIRS and their combination to the functional assessment of human muscle.
Int. J. Sports Med. 18: S270-9, 1997.
Chamay, A., and P. Tschantz. Mechanical influences in
bone remodeling. Experimental research on Wolff’s law. J. Biomech.
5: 173-180, 1972.
Chilibec, P. D., D. G. Sale and C. E. Webber. Exercise
and bone mineral density. Sp orts Med. 19: 103-22, 1995.
Chilibeck, P. D., A. W. Calder, D. G. Sale and C. E.
Webber. A comparison in strength and muscle mass increases during resistance
training in young women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 77:
170-5, 1998.
Colletti L. A., J. Edwards, L. Gordon, J. Shary and N.
H. Bell. The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of
the radius, spine, and hip in young men. Calcif. Tissue Int. 45:
12-4, 1989.
Convertino, V. A. Physiological adaptations to weightlessness:
effects on exercise and work performance. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.
18: 119-66, 1990.
Convertino, V. A. Neuromuscular aspects in development
of exercise countermeasures. The Physiologist 34: S-125-S-128, 1991.
Convertino, V. A. Exercise as a countermeasure for physiological
adaptation to prolonged spaceflight. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:
999-1014, 1996.
Convertino, V. A., S. A. Bloomfield and J. E. Greenleaf.
An overview of the issues: physiological effects of bed rest and restricted
physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29: 187-90, 1997.
Dalsky, G. P., K. S. Stocke, A. A. Eshani, F. Slaptopolski,
W. C. Lee and S. J. Birgie. Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone
mineral content (BMC) in postmenopausal women. Ann. Int. Med. 108:
824-828, 1988.
Dambrink, J. H., W. Wieling, J. M. Karemaker, J. R. Krol
and W. J. Oosterveld. Medischa specten van de ruimetvaart. Ned. Tijdschrift
Geneeskd. 133: 395-400, 1989.
Desplanches, D. Structural and functional adaptations
of skeletal muscle to weightlessness. Int. J. Sports Med. 18: S259-S264,
1997.
Di Prampero, P. E. The Twin Bikes System for artificial
gravity in space, J. Grav. Physiol. 1: P12-4, 1994.
Di Prampero, P. E., G. Antonutto. Cycling in space to
simulate gravity. Int. J. Sports Medicine 18: S324-6, 1997.
Dudley, G. A., P. A. Tesch and B. J. Miller. Importance
of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training.
Aviat. Space Envirn. Med. 62: 543-550, 1991.
Dudley, G. A. B.M. Hather and P. Buchanan. Skeletal
muscle responses to unloading with special reference to man. J. Fla. Med.
Assoc. 79: 525-9, 1992.
Edgerton, V. R., M. Y. Zhou, Y. Ohira Y, H. Klitgaard,
B. Jiang, G. Bell, B. Harris, B. Saltin, P. D. Gollnick, and R. R. Roy. Human
fiber size and enzymatic properties after 5 and 11 days of spaceflight
. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 1733-9, 1995.
Edgerton, R. Critical discussion of intergrated physiology
of micro-G. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28: S107-8, 1996.
Escamilla, R. F., A. C. Francisco, G. S. Fleisig, S.
W. Barrentine, C. M. Welch, A. V. Kayes, K. P. Speer and J. R. Andrews. A three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of sumo and conventional
style deadlifts. Med. Science Sports Exerc . 32:1265-1275, 2000.
Escamilla, R. F.
Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
33: 127-41, 2001.
Ferrando, A. A., K. D. Tipton, M. M Bamman and R. R.
Wolfe. Resistance exercise maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during
bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 807-810, 1997.
Fiore, C. E., E. Cottini, C. Fargetta, G. DiSalvo, R.
Foti and M. Raspagliesi. The effects of muscle-building exercise on forearm
bone mineral content and osteoblast activity in drug-free and anabolic steroids
self-administering young men. Bone Miner . 13: 77-83, 1991.
Fleck, S. J. and W. J. Kraemer. Designing resistance
training programs. Human Kinetics, Campaign, IL, second edition, 1997.
Fleckenstein, J. L. et al. Locomotor system assessment
by muscle magnetic resonance imaging. Magn. Resonance Q. 7:79-103,
1991.
Fujimura, R., N. Ashizawa, M. Watanabe, N. Mukai, H.
Amagai, T. Fukubayashi, K. Hayashi, K. Tokuyama and M. Suzuki. Effect of resistance
exercise training on bone formation and resorption in young male subjects
assessed by biomarkers of bone metabolism. J. Bone Miner. Res . 12:
656-62, 1997.
Garber, M. A., D. L. McDowell and W. C. Hutton. Bone
loss during weighlessness: a biomechanical and mineralization study in the
rat model. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 71: 568-92, 2000.
Greenleaf, J. E., R. Bulbulian, E. M Bernauer, W. L.
Haskell and T. Moore. Exrecise-training protocols for astronauts in microgravity.
J. Appl. Physiol. 67: 2191-2204, 1989.
Hass, C. J., L. Garzarella, D. de Hoyos and M. L. Pollock.
Single versus multiple sets in long-term recreational weightlifters. Med.
Sci. Sports Exerc. 32: 235-42, 2000.
Häkkinen, K. Factors influencing trainability of
muscular strength during short-term and prolonged training. National Strength
and Conditioning Association 7:33, 1985.
Herbison, G. J. and J. M. Talbot. Muscle atrophy during
space flight: Research needs and opportunities. The Physiologist
28: 520-527, 1985.
Heyward, V. H. Advanced Fitness Assessment and exercise
prescription. Human Kinetics, third edition. Human Kinetics , Campaign, IL, 1 998.
Hughs, C. J., K. Hurd, A. Jones and S. Springle. Resistance
properties of Thera-Band tubing during shoulder abduction exercise. J.
Orthop. Phys. Ther. 29: 413-420, 1999.
Jennings, R. T. and J. P. Bagian. Musculoskeletal injury
review in the U.S. space program. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 67:
762-6, 1996.
Koryak, Y. Effect of 120 days of bed-rest with and without
countermeasures on the mechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle in
young women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 78:128-35, 1998.
Lackner, J. R., P. Dizio. Artificial gravity as a countermeasure
in long-duration spaceflight. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:169-76, 2000.
Lane, S. M., L. Russell and S. N. Khan. Osteoporosis.
Clin. Orthop. 372: 139-50, 2000.
Layne, J. E. and M. E. Nelson. The effects of progressive
resistance training on bone density: a review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
31: 25-30, 1999.
LeBlanc, A., R. Rowe, V. Schneider, H. Evans and T.
Hedrick. Regional muscle loss after short duration space flight. Aviat.
Space Environ. Med. 66: 1151-4, 1995.
LeBlanc, A., R. Rowe, H. Evans, S. West, L. Shackelford
and V. Schneider. Muscle atrophy during long duration bed rest. Int. J.
Sports Med. 18: S283-5, 1997.
LeBlanc, A., L. Shackelford and V. Schneider. Future
human bone research in space. Bone 22: 113S-116S, 1998.
Lee, S. M., P. A. Bishop, S. M. Schneider and M. C.
Greenisen. Simulated shuttle egress: comparison of two Space Shuttle protective
garments. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 72: 110-4, 2001.
McCarthy, J. P., M. M. Bamman, J. M. Yelle, A. D. LeBlanc,
R. M. Rowe, M. C. Greenisen, S. M. Lee, E. R. Spector and S. M. Fortney. Resistance
exercise training and the orthostatic response. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
Occup. Physiol. 76: 32-40, 1997.
Menkes A, S. Mazel, R. A. Redmond, K. Koffler, C. R.
Libanati, C. M. Gundberg, T. M. Zizic, J. M. Hagberg, R. E. Pratley, B. F.
Hurley. Strength training increases regional bone mineral density and bone
remodeling in middle-aged and older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 2478-84,
1993.
Moritani, T., H. A. DeVries. Neural Factors vs. Hypertrophy
in the time course of human muscle strength gain. Am. J. Phys. Med.
58: 115-30, 1979.
Oganov, V., V. Scheider, A. Bakulin, V. Polyakov, L.
Voronin, V. Morgun, L. Shackelford, A. LeBlanc, L. Murashko and V. Novikov.
Human bone tissue changes after long-term space flight: phenomenology and
possible mechanics (abstract). In 12 th man in space symposium,
1997.
Powell, M. R., D. J. Horrigan Jr., J. M. Waligora and
W. T. Norfeet. Space Physiology and Medicine. Third edition, Philadelphia:
lea & Febiger, 1993.
Sale, D. G., J. E. Martin and D. E. Moroz. Hypertrophy
without increased isometric strength after weighttraining. Eur. J. Appl.
Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 64: 51-5, 1992.
Schneider, V. S., A. LeBlanc and P. C. Rambout. Bone
and mineral metabolism. In: Space Physiology and Medicine, 2 nd
edition. Philadelphia: lea & Febiger: p 214-21, 1989.
Schwandt, D. F., R. T. Whalen, D. E. watenpaugh, S.
E. parazynski and A. R. Hargens. Development of exercise devices to minimize
musculoskeletal and cardiovascular deconditioning in microgravity. The
Physiologist 34: S189-S190, 1991.
Smith, S. M., J. L. Nillen, A. Leblanc, A. Lipton, L.
M. Demers, H. W. Lane HW and C. S Leach. Collagen cross-link excretion during
space flight and bed rest. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 3584-91,
1998.
Smith, S. M., H. W. Lane. Gravity and space flight:
effects of nutritional status. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care
2: 335-8, 1999a.
Smith S. M., M. E. Wastney, B. V. Morukov, I. M. Larina,
L. E. Nyquist, S. A. Abrams, E. N. Taran, C. Y. Shih, J. L. Nillen, J. E.
Davis-Street, B. L. Rice and H. W. Lane. Calcium metabolism before, during,
and after a 3-mo spaceflight: kinetic and biochemical changes. Am. J.
Physiol. 277: R1-10, 1999b.
Stein, T. P. and T. Gaprinolashvili. Spaceflight and
protein metabolism, with special reference to humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
60: 806S-819S, 1994.
Stein, T. P. Nutrition and muscle loss in humans during
spaceflight. Adv. Space Biol. Med. 7: 49-97, 1999a.
Stein, T. P., M. J. Leskiw, M. D. Schluter, R. W. Hoyt,
H. W. Lane, R. E. Gretebeck and A. D. LeBlanc. Energy expenditure and balance
during space flight on the space shuttle. Am. J. Physiol. 276: R1739-48,
1999b.
Task Force on Countermeasures. Final report, May 1997.
Washington, DC. NASA Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications,
1997.
Tesch, P. A., P. Buchanan and G. A. Dudley. An approach
to counteracting long-term microgravity-induced muscle atrophy. The Physiologist
33: S77-S79, 1990.
Tesch, P. A., H. E. Berg. Resistance training in space.
Int. J. sports Med. 18: S322-S324, 1997.
Tipton, C. M. Considerations for exercise prescriptions
in future space flights. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 15: 441-444, 1983.
Tipton, C. M. and A. Hargens. Physiological adaptations
and countermeasures associated with long-duration spaceflights. Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc. 28: 974-6, 1996.
Tsuzuku, S., Y. Ikegami and K. Yabe. Effect of high-intensity
resistance training on bone mineral density in young male powerlifters.
Calaf. Tissue. Int. 63: 283-6, 1998.
Turner, R. T. Invited review: what do we know about
the effects of spaceflight on bone? J. Appl Physiol. 89: 840-7, 2000.
Wilk, K. E., R. F. Escamilla, G. S. Fleisig, S. W. Barrentine,
J. R. Andrews and M. L. Boyd. A comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces and
electromyographic activity during open and close kinetic chain exercises.
Am. J. Sports Med. 24: 519-27, 1996.
Wretenberg, P., Y. Feng and U. P. Arborelius. High-
and low-bar squatting techniques during weight-training. Med. Sci. Sport
Exerc 28:218-24, 1996.
Zernicke, R. F., A. C. Vailas and G. J. Salem. Biomechanical
responses of bone to
weighlessness. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 18: 167-92,
1990.